BASIC Robot
My BASIC Robot
By: Tasman Halim
This BASIC Robot was made in 1987 by myself and controlling by using late Apple II computer. This BASIC Robot was created especially for completion of my degree in Electronics. In that time, one of popular software is BASIC PROGRAMING, so I use this programing language to operate the BASIC Robot.
Programing the BASIC Robot is very simple and sent to this machine through 2 interface card (Input Card and Output Card).
History of Robots
Main article: History of robots (Source: Wikipedia)
Many ancient mythologies include artificial people, such as the mechanical servants built by the Greek god Hephaestus[6] (Vulcan to the Romans), the clay golems of Jewish legend and clay giants of Norse legend, and Galatea, the mythical statue of Pygmalion that came to life. In Greek drama, Deus Ex Machina was contrived as a dramatic device that usually involved lowering a deity by wires into the play to solve a seeminglyimpossible problem.
According to Mark E. Rosheim, "The beginning of robots may be traced to the great Greek engineer Ctesibius (c. 270 BC). ... Ctesibius applied a knowledge of pneumatics and hydraulics to produce the first organ and water clocks with moving figures."[7][8] In the 4th century BC, the Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical steam-operated bird he called "The Pigeon".Hero of Alexandria (10–70 AD), a Greek mathematician and inventor, created numerous user-configurable automated devices, and described machines powered by air pressure, steam and water.[9] Su Song built a clock tower in China in 1088 featuring mechanical figurines that chimed the hours.[10]
In the 3rd century BC text of the Lie Zi, there is a curious account on automata involving a much earlier encounter between King Mu of Zhou (Chinese emperor 10th century BC) and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi , an 'artificer'. The latter proudly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical 'handiwork' made of leather, wood, and artificial organs.[11]
Al-Jazari (1136–1206), a Muslim inventor during the Artuqid dynasty, designed and constructed a number of automated machines, including kitchen appliances, musical automata powered by water, and programmable automata.[12][13] The robots appeared as four musicians on a boat in a lake, entertaining guests at royal drinking parties. His mechanism had a programmable drum machine with pegs (cams) that bumped into little levers that operated percussion instruments. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns by moving the pegs to different locations.[12][13]
Etymology of Robot
See also: Glossary of robotics (Source: Wikipedia)
A scene from Karel Čapek's 1920 playR.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), showing three robots
The word robot was introduced to the public by the Czech interwar writer Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), published in 1920.[3]The play begins in a factory that makes artificial people called robots, though they are closer to the modern ideas of androids, creatures who can be mistaken for humans. They can plainly think for themselves, though they seem happy to serve. At issue is whether the robots are being exploited and the consequences of their treatment.
Karel Čapek himself did not coin the word. He wrote a short letter in reference to an etymology in the Oxford English Dictionary in which he named his brother, the painter and writer Josef Čapek, as its actual originator.[3]
In an article in the Czech journal Lidové noviny in 1933, he explained that he had originally wanted to call the creatures laboři ("workers", from Latin labor). However, he did not like the word, and sought advice from his brother Josef, who suggested "roboti". The word robota means literally "work", "labor" or "corvée", "serf labor", and figuratively "drudgery" or "hard work" in Czech and many Slavic languages. Traditionally the robota was the work period a serf (corvée) had to give for his lord, typically 6 months of the year. The origin of the word is the Old Church Slavonic rabota "servitude" ("work" in contemporaryBulgarian and Russian), which in turn comes from the Indo-European root *orbh-.[4] Serfdom was outlawed in 1848 in Bohemia, so at the time Čapek wroteR.U.R., usage of the term robota had broadened to include various types of work, but the obsolete sense of "serfdom" would still have been known.[5]
The word robotics, used to describe this field of study, was coined by the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov. Asimov and John W. Campbell created the "Three Laws of Robotics" which are a recurring theme in his books. These have since been used by many others to define laws used in fact and fiction. Introduced in his 1942 short story "Runaround" the Laws state the following:
